While this slide is for a Palmerston North business, Leader & Watt have since opened branches in both Levin and Foxton. But what makes this slide more interesting is what it says about how the Kiwi idea of 'home' was seen.

In postwar New Zealand home ownership was booming. In fact, owning a home was seen as a rite of passage and if you didn't own one by the time you were forty you were seen as rather suspect. Owning a home also meant maintaining it- the Black & Decker portable drill was invented in 1916 and has since gone through many different versions. This slide suggests that it would make a perfect gift for someone who has their own home (a young family starting out in their first home would need power tools- and fast!).

But this drill was sold to men- with the vision of the 'man of the house' being responsible for fixing and extending the home then accepted as normal. Until a couple of years ago a powertool retailer had a radio jingle saying that their stores were '...a man's world' showing that these outdated ideas have lingered.....

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Yates started selling their packets of seeds in 1893. At the time, Aotearoa was slowly becoming an urban country- while the rural sector remained the country's economic powerhouse more of the population was living in the cities and towns. People were proud of their houses, and photography of families posing outside of their homes was second only to portraits in the family albums.

This slide was made much later (probably in the 1950s) but it shows the pride people had in their garden. No garden was shown- this could be any family anywhere in the country. 

The man and women in the slide grip their garden tools like rifles- and this orginally was done on purpose. With food supplies tight during the Second World War, Yates joined the Government in calling gardening a public duty. Images of gardens were displayed next to scenes from the front and the home gardener was drawn like a soldier in overalls. 

This slide may have used leftover imagery from the war to encourage people to keep planting (home gardening remained popular until the rise of the supermarkets in the 1960s). It may have dated from the war itself, but usually these slides mention the war or victory in some way. The 'Reliable Seeds' slogan has been seen in New Zealand newspapers from 1906 to 1962 so doesn't narrow it down much.....

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Cinema advertising was big business in the 1950s and early 1960s when over thirty million tickets were sold each year. The sales of advertising made up around 2%-5% of a cinema's profits- but they meant much more to the cinema managers who got commission on each ad sold. Managers were often seen around town visiting shops to sign owners up to an advertising package. Free tickets to a popular film were often supplied to sweeten the deal. 

Even projectionists got a piece of the action as the advertising slide companies (often owned by the cinema chains themselves)  paid a yearly bonus to make up for the hassle of screening dozens of slides with every film. The assistant projectionist who was delegated this job usually was none the wiser about this bonus.

But by the 1970s the gloss was coming off cinema advertising. The commission given to managers was reduced to a small bonus. Local radio was able to change ads on short notice, unlike cinema advertising slides which took weeks to be made and approved. Audience numbers were falling in the face of television and a new culture of going to see a particular film and not visiting the cinema  anyway and seeing what was on. 

Teleslides was the last gasp of the cinema advertising slide. These were static images projected onto the screen but with a few seconds of audio played through the speakers. The audio for all slides were put onto a vinyl record but it was up to the projectionist to make sure they kept changing the pictures in sync with the words. The slide screenings sometimes became unintentional comedy for the audience!

By the end of the 1970s the era of the advertising slide was all but gone. They were replaced by reels of motion picture film advertising businesses instead.

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'Shop Local' campaigns are not just a modern thing! Long before the internet made your computer a virtual department store, the motor car was quite literally driving people away from the local Main Street and into the big cities. Small cinemas often carried ads for local shops and in this Ashhurst example, a slide screened before these ads had a general 'shop local' message.

Who paid for this slide? The local business owners? The cinema manager- who got commission on every cinema advertising slide bought? Or was it a local business association who convinced the cinema manager to make a 'free slide' for the good of the town? We may never know. But we do know that by the 1970s many local cinemas had closed down as a night out became a night out of town. Many Horowhenua towns did not escape this trend.

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Horowhenua land claims are heard by the Otaki sitting of the Maori Land Court.

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Saturday 8^th October 1881

Place – the same Present – the same

Continued from page 131.

Titokitoki

Mr Maclean handed in a list of names of his clients and others.

Ordered that the names of Rikihana Te Tarure, Enereta Rikihana and Wiremu Te Manewha be entered in the register as owners of Titokitoki No. 1B

And

Petuha Te Koroheke, Erina Mihaka, Hareata Hohipua, Karaitiana Te Ahu, Hariata Hamuera, Kerenapa Raika and Piotarihi Mohi be also entered in the register as owners of Titokitoki 2B.

Fees charged

Titokitoki 1B

Hearing - £1.0.0 Order - £1.0.0 Total - £2.0.0

Titokitoki 2B

Hearing - £1.0.0 Order - £1.0.0 Total - £2.0.0

73 Makuratawhiti

Riripeti Te Ngaira – sworn

I live at Otaki. I belong to Ngati Maiotaki hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

I know the piece before the court. I have a claim to part of this land. Kingi Te Ahoaho gave it to my mother Makarata. Kingi had mana on this piece. He was a chief of Ngati Raukawa. No one objected to the Kingi’s gift. My mother was Kingi’s neice.

Rangipapanui was Kingi’s father. The katea was after.

Click on view to see geneology line

By Hema Te Ao

My mother cultivated and died on it. She lived there a long time. Some of her children died on it. Six of her children died on this piece. No one disturbed her in occupation of this piece.

After my mother’s death, I lived on the land. I was living on this piece when this town was first occupied. No one disturbed my occupation of this piece. I cannot say when my mother died.

I was never disturbed till the present sitting of this court. Pene had no cultivation on the part I claim. The Rikihana was the only one who objected to me while I was at Manawatu. He wanted to take the land saying he was the owner.

I referred the matter to the Maori Committee. They gave it in my favour. Rikihana was present. Rikihana signed the document of award to me – here produced. Rikihana and I referred the matter to the committee who both signed one name to that document.

Pene Te Hapupu was also present at that time. Pene made no claim to the land. This is the first time I heard that Pene claims to this piece.

Xed by Tame Ranapiri

I know the land before the court and I claim the western portion of the piece. My boundaries run from the creek Makuratawhiti up to Tewiata’s piece on the western boundary. Adjoining mine on eastern side is Rikihana’s piece up to Tewiata’s piece only.

Enoka has no questions to ask. Pape has no questions to ask.

Xed Maclean

I know that Te Rikihana has a piece. I have seen him loving on his own piece.

My father’s name is Ihaka. I cannot say where my father’s house was. It was on the north of the road. Wiremu had a house along side my father’s on his own piece.

He was not invited by Wiremu. He did not give my father the house.

I cannot say if Ihaka lived with Hapimana. I do not know if Hapimana had houses outside of the land.

My mother died on the land. I do not know if my mother died at Hapimana’s. I know the name of Te Hapupu but I did not see him on the piece I claim.

By Hema Te Ao

I am only claiming the part which my mother owned.

By court

I cannot say how old I was when I lived on this land. I did see Pene Te Hapupu on this land. I only saw his fence.

I heard that my father has a claim has a claim to this piece. I saw my father cultivating on the part which my mother owned. I did not see my mother on my father’s land cultivating.

I have seen Te Rikihana working on his own piece. Te Roera was the only one I know of being buried there.

Xed by Hema Te Ao

Te Wiata – sworn

I live at Otaki. I belong to Ngati Te Horu hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

I know the piece before the court. I know the part claimed by Riripeti. Her claim runs up to my boundary from the creek along the western boundary.

I heard it was given by the Kingi to Maharata. It was not given to Ihaka. I saw Maharata living on this piece. She cultivated on it. All our houses were in one place. That was the reason I said the land belonged to Maharata. No one disturbed her on the land. I was by her charge of this piece when Riripeti went to Manawatu.

Te Rikihana who objected while I was in charge during Riripeti’s absence – Rikihana told me that Ihaka gave it to him. I went to Manawatu to see Ihaka Ngamura, father of Riripeti, about it. He denied Rikihana’s story.

Pene was living at Otaki at this time. Pene did not object to me. It is only now that I hear that Pene Te Hapupu laid a claim to this land.

Rikihana made no further dispute for the part claimed by Riripeti because Rikihana referred the matter to the Native Committee. Rikihana has the adjoining piece to Riripeti next to him Hapimana and Matiu.

Ihaka had a cultivation on this land.

Xed by Tame ranapiri

I claim a piece on this land.

I saw Hapimana and Matiu working on the land. I cannot say what year it was when they worked there. They cultivated on the northern side of the road. They cultivated from the north side of the road up to here.

I saw Ani Kanara working on this piece. She married Matiu’s son. That was the reason she cultivated there. She cultivated there long after her husband’s death.

Xed by Enoka Te Wano

I do not know what right Matiu and other had to work on this piece as owners. There are other owners besides Rangiwhaea and Te Hapupu.

I knew a barn for threshing wheat stood on this piece. It was the Ratana’s. There is a mark of boundary of my land. It is a fence alongside the Hollow.

Xed by Pape Ranapiri

Ihaka’s piece is included in the part claimed by Matiu. The barn house was on the east side of Matiu’s land.

Xed by Maclean

At the present time, Rikihana only has houses on south side of the road. The woolshed belongs to all of us. There is no one living in it. I do not know if the barn is used by Rikihana.

Hapimana and Matiu are both dead. I cannot say if Hapimana had a house outside of land. This land belongs to Keepa Kerikeri.

I never heard that Rikihana leases this land. I never heard that he lease to Knicks. It was his own piece. He leased to Bell. I cannot say if any land adjoining was leased.

I heard that Te Kukura was buried there. She was Rikihana’s mother.

I did not know if Marotipatipa was buried there.

Te Kekeke was buried there. She was Ngati Kahungunu.

I never heard that Rikihana broke down the houses on east side of road.

By Hema Te Ao

I did not see Pene’s houses on it.

By court

Pene lives on another piece of land. He has no houses on this land.

Riripeti is now living at Manawatu. She has no houses on this at present. My houses are not on this piece. My fence and cultivations are on this land. Some of my fence has been removed. Rikihana did not pull the fence down.

By Hema

Tame Ranapiri – sworn

I live at Otaki. I belong to Ngati Tukorehe hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

I remember the time when the committee of Riripeti and Rikihana took place. Pene was present at that meeting. He did not say there that he had a claim on the part claimed by Riripeti.

Hema’s case closes.

By Tame Ranapiri

Tewiata – already sworn

I claim through my father for the part which I claim. My father cut the land up. He and I lived and cultivated it. Hekiera is outside the block and joins ours.

Matiu, Rikihana and others joins my land on the north side.

The whole of my piece is not included in the survey. The piece on the eastern side outside the block belongs to Anawarihi. There are people present that know I own the land.

I did not see Rutera and others working on this piece.

Xed by Enoka

I saw Hekiera and Mena break down Pene Te Hapupu’s fence. It was through ancestor’s, Matiu and others, that they broke the fence down.

Xed by Pape Ranapiri

There was a line between Ihaka and Matiu’s cultivations. I never heard that Ihaka was disturbed on this land.

Xed by Maclean

It was not through Mohi that I claim this land. He did not want it for Hekiera or ramari. She worked there. It was not through Mohi but my father.

I went to Rikihana to consult about this land to divide my piece from his. He would not consent. Ramari was not present. Wiremu and Pene were both present. I was referred to Pene. He refused.

Xed by court

Ihaka was invited by Matiu to work there. He had no piece of his own.

I have seen Ihaka working on Maharata’s piece.

Court adjourned till 10 am on Monday 10^th October.

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Tuesday 2^nd May 1876

Foxton

Court opened at 10 am.

Present the same

Horomona Paro appeared and applied on behalf of Rangitane for an adjournment of the court to Palmerston North.

Refused

Tuwhakatupua No. 2

Adjourned claim - No plan

Adjourned to a future sitting

Opiki

Ruai (Nuai) Taraotea and others claiming

Conflicts with Tuwhakatupua

Adjourned to a future sitting

Kanape

Te rairi and others claiming

Conflicts with Tuwhakatupua

Adjourned to a future sitting

Hautawa

Heta Paro and others claiming

Horomona Paro appeared and stated that this was included in Aorangi middle already disposed of by the court.

Dismissed

Te Kainga No. 11

Heta Paro and others claiming

Horomona Paro applied for an adjournment to a future sitting

Adjourned to a future sitting

Te Ngaru

Horomona Paro and others claiming

No Plan

Horomona Paro appeared and stated that this framed part of Tuwhakatupua No. 1 already disposed of by the court.

Dismissed

Puketotara (100 acres)

Horomona Paro and others claiming

This being a reserve granted under the Manawatu rangitikei Crown Grants Act to Metapere Tapa the court having no jurisdiction.

Dismissed

Te Uku

No appearance - No plan

Dismissed

Tuwhakatupua No. 2

Pitihira and others claiming

Adjourned to a future sitting

Te Whakawehi

Postponed till 3rd May

Oti

Rairi Rangiheua claiming

No Plan - Dismissed

Kaihinu - succession

Takerei Hope

No certificate - Dismissed

Manawatu Kukutauaki No. 2A - subdivision

Henare Te Herekau and others claiming

No survey - Dismissed

Manawatu Kukutauaki No. 2B

H. Te Herekau and others claiming

No survey - Dismissed

Manawatu Kukutauaki No. 2C

No survey - Dismissed

Manawatu Kukutauaki No. 2D - subdivided

H. Te Herekau and others claiming

No survey - Dismissed

Manawatu Kukutauaki No. 2E - subdivided

H. Te Herekau and others claiming

No survey - Dismissed

Manawatu Kukutauaki No. 2G - subdivided

Hoani Taipua and others claiming

No survey - Dismissed

Te Kaiwahie - new claim

Warena Te Papa and others

No survey - Dismissed

Kutikutirau

Wereta Te Waha and others

No survey - Dismissed

Ngioroa

Hemi Warena and others claiming

Hemi Warena appeared and stated that this claim was included in Aorangi middle and that it had not been surveyed

Dismissed

Opiki and Te Karaka

Pitihira Te Kuru claiming

Pitihira stated that it was part of Tuwhakatupua No. 2

Dismissed

Court adjourned at 11.30 am till 10 am on Wednesday 3rd May.

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Tuesday 11 October 1881

Place – the same Present – the same

73 Makuratawhiti

By Maclean

Rikihana Tarure – sworn

I live at Otaki. I belong to Ngati Koroki hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

I know the land before the court. I am in occupation also Pene. I was born on this land.

After the year 1840, I went up north. I left my father Wiremu on the land. I returned in 1853 and lived on this land and lived there ever since. I built the houses on this land since I returned from Waikato.

Pene has built one house. I claim through Te Hapupu. Rangiwhaea gave it to him. No one disturbed our occupation of this piece. I signed my name to a paper in 1880. I signed for to call the meeting. I did not agree to the decision of the meeting. I was told by them that I had to leave the land in six months. I did not leave. I am still living there. They did not interfere with me or break my fence down.

The chiefs of the meeting belonged to Ngati Raukawa. Rangiwhaea belonged to Ngati Apakura of Waikato.

By Hema Te Ao

Te Hapupu lived on this piece before Haowhenua. He gave this land to the people mentioned before. Te Hapupu, his son Pene, Tarure my father Wiremu Te Manewha, Renata Tupunu, Nohokainga Te Kakate, Te Kateke Hapimana, Matiu Whakahiunga. These are all I know of admitted by Hapupu. Hapupu had land elsewhere which he gave to myself, Wiremu and others. Titokitoki was not the Hapupu. It belonged to Kingi. Haruatai and Pukekaraka was given to us by Hapupu.

It was after the year 1840 that Hapupu went up north after the Kuititanga Pene also went with him. They left this piece to Wiremu Hapimana and Matiu. Those that went away did not return it to Kingi. Hapupu belongs to Ngati Pakuru.

Tungia gave this land to Rangiwhaea. Tungia belongs to Ngati Toa. He gave from the sea beach to Tararua Ranges.

I do not dispute the gift of Tungi to the Kingi from the beach to the ranges including Titokitoki. They only had the right to divide the land to the different hapu’s. I cannot say what relation Rangiwhaea was to Te Hapupu.

Click on view to see genealogy line.

Pene returned from Waikato 1857. There was no one in occupation when he returned. Maharata ded not live on the land. Ihaka built a house on my piece in the middle. Maharata lived there. Riripeti has no interest in this piece. Maharata was living there without any right.

I know that six of her children died there. She was not turned off being invited by Wiremu to live there. She is a niece of the Kingi’s. The part claimed by Riripeti belongs to myself and Pene.

The committee awarded the piece to her. I did not state to the meeting that the land belongs to Pene.

Xed by Tame Ranapiri

Some of the people I mentioned have an interest in the piece. Some have not. Hapupu Wiremu Tarure Hapimana, Matiu Whakahunga, Ani Kanara have an interest.

Pene and I here on the same footing. No one else have any right to this land.

Ani Kanara claims through Matiu. She was married to three of his children. Tewiata has no claim of this piece of land. I have seen him cultivating on the south end. He worked under Ramari Pataua, who is his cousin. Ramari claimed through Hekiera.

Mohi having asked Wiremu for it, Wiremu only owns his own piece – no other. Each individual gave a piece of his land to Mohi who is father to Hekiera.

I did not ask Kipa for permission to cut timber on it. It was after 1854, there were trees on this piece.

Xed by Enoka

Pene’s statement saying that this piece belonged to Te Hapupu and Rangiwhaea is correct.

It was when a forest that Hapupu gave the land to Matiu and others. It is recently that I found out the boundary of their pieces.

I heard Ana Warihi’s statement yesterday. It is not correct because the land was given by Rangiwhaea to the Hapupu. The weather boarded house, the barn belonged to Matiu and children.

I wish the part owned by Matiu to be awarded to Pene.

Xed by Pape

I did see Ihaka work on this piece on the north side of the road near the creek on Wiremu’s piece. I did not see him on Matiu’s piece. Wiremu Te Manewha who gave it to him to work on. He did not come under Matiu, he is a relation of Matiu. When he went to Manawatu, he returned the piece to me personally. Pene is the nearest of kin to Matiu.

Click on view to see genealogy line.

Re-exed by Maclean

It was for a piece of land included in this block that the committee tried.

Matiu and Haimana and Whakahunga were relatives of Pene’s. That is the reason we claim the land.

I was married when Rangiwhaea had the land given to her by Tungia. She was called after Tungia’s mother that was the reason of the gift. It was through her that Pene and Wiremu claim this land. They do not claim through the Kingi. They were never disturbed up to the present time.

It was in 1860, that Ihaka returned the land to me as it was my own. I had Ihaka’s name inserted on Paruauku’s. He had no claim there. It was strong good feeling to him. At that time Ihaka had no interest in the piece before the court. He did not say that he had an interest there. He said that a portion was given to him by Hapupu. I say that was not true.

I heard that this piece was given by Hapupu to the Kingi. This is also untrue. It was after admitting him to Paruauku’s, I found out the story was false.

Wiremu was in occupation when Pene returned from Waikato.

By Hema

When I returned, wiremu was in occupation.

By court

The piece returned to me by Ihaka was the piece on the western boundary. I did not write to Ihaka requesting that I should be trustee for piece claimed by Riripeti.

Ihaka cultivated at Paruauku under Wiremu and myself. It was not because he worked there that he was entered in certificate but on age of land before court which was exchanged for land at Paruauku.

Hapimana and others were dead when Pene returned.

By court

I do not know where Kingi and Rangiwhaea were married. I am certain that this piece belonged to Rangiwhaea. I was not present when the bush was cleared of this land. Pene and Wiremu and Ani Kanara were there at that time. It was those people mentioned who cleared the bush.

Some of them were slaves. The piece along side the west boundary belonged to Hapupu, next one to Wiremu.

Pene Te Hapupu – sworn

I live at Otaki. I belong to hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

I claim the land before the court because my father and myself cleared it.

Prior to Haowhenua, Rangiwhaea was the original owner. She gave it to us. I have heard Rikihana’s whakapapa. There was an error in it.

I know where Kingi had land. Our piece was not in Kingi’s piece. I am quite certain that Rangiwhaea gave this land to my father. I was grown up at the time. Kingi had also a right on account of his wife. They had other land, the same as ours. Kingi belonged partly to Ngati Raukawa and Ngati Toa.

My father and self still hold this land under Rangiwhaea’s gift. I claim the whole piece on the plan, myself and father on western boundary. Te Tarure and ---- next, next Hapimana, next Matiu, next Whakahunga. They cleared the land in the first place.

I claim Hapimana’s, Matiu’s and Whakahunga pieces because they are my relations.

I do not know what right Ihaka has to land then at Katihiku. Maharata was not his first wife, er name Wahipononga. She was living when he lived with Maharata in 1857.

When I returned from Waikato, Ihaka was living on Keepa’s land outside of the land before the court. Maharata was living with him there. She also died there. I never gave any of this land to the Kingi.

Xed by Hema Te Ao

Kingi claimed from the sea beach at Pakakutu on the north of Makurataiwhiti creek to the Tararua Mountains. I distinctly say that this was Kingi’s boundary. Rangiwhaea had the mana on the south side of the creek from Pakakutu to the Tararua Mountains. Rangiwhaea gave to the Puke the piece where the court is on at the present time.

Te Puke belongs to Ngati Toa.

Kingi has given land to Ngati Maiotaki and Ngati Moewaka.

Matiu belonged to Ngati Waihurihia, Ngati Moewaka hapu are living on the western boundary of this piece on the outside next to them Ngati Maiotaki on western side. Ngati Waihurihia are living on the eastern boundary side of the piece before the court (outside).

When Archdeacon Hadfield and Mr Williams came, my father, self, mother and Rikihana went to Waikato together. Tarure was beaten while living on the land through committing adultery with a widow, Pare. He did not go north on account of that trouble, he ran away to Manawatu.

My father was living when I took the mana from him. It was on account of that trouble that I took the land from my father. Wiremu Hapimana and Matiu were in occupation when we went up north.

I never heard that Maharata Ngamura lived on this piece. I could dispute the gift the Kingi to his niece Maharata.

Court adjourned till 2 pm.

When I returned to Otaki, I saw the Kingi. I objected to him giving the land to Maharata. I did not call the meeting but the chiefs of Ngati Raukawa – they called the meeting to get me to remain on the land as it was going to return to Waikato. It was on account of that I staid in Otaki and asked for all this land to be given to me. Rawiri Te Wanui was not present but Te Kepa and Rei Parewhanaki was.

I did not see Maharata or Ihaka living on the piece before the court because I was at Waikato. Maharata died in the Kipa’s house.

It was when the piece was cleared I claimed the piece now claimed by Riripeti. I heard that Kingi had given this piece to Maharata. I heard a quarrel between Rikihana and Riripeti about it. I was present at the runanga. I said these that the piece belonged to me.

If Tame Ranapiri stated that I did not say anything at that meeting it is false. They did not investigate my claim to that piece of land. I am the one claiming this piece. Rikihana is in error in saying that the exchanged land is wrong.

Xed by Tame Ranapiri

I heard Rikihana’s evidence. It is true.

Rikihana may have seen Tewiata working on this land. I did not but I saw him erecting a fence.

I heard that Mohi had given it to him. I myself Te Rarure Rikihana, Wiremu Te Manewha, Hapimana Matiu and Te Whakahunga are proper owners of all this land. Ani Kanara also – she is daughter in law to Matiu. It is through my respect for her that I admit her.

Matiu had four children – males – three of them married Ani Kanara. She worked the portion I gave her after her husband’s death. She and her first husband did not live there. Pahika and Ani Kanara lived together on this land. He was her first husband.

Xed by Enoka

I was present when Hapupu gave the piece to Matiu and others. I am the only surviving one who was present. I saw Pahika clearing the bush. He was a son of Matiu. I did not see Ngapaki clearing there but I saw Ratana. Three would have a larger portion than one. I saw Hekiera and Mina breaking my fence but did not know the reason. I never heard Rawiri requesting them to assest from breaking it. I ------- Matiu and others claiming this piece.

By Pape Ranapiri

I know Ihaka Ngamura. I did not see him working with Matiu. I only saw Matiu. I heard Rikihana’s statement that Ihaka worked on this land, it is true. Rikihana’s whakapapa is correct (re Matiu). Wahine was Matiu’s mother.

I have surveyed this piece and wish the court to award it to me through my father. I am the closest of kin to Matiu. I and my father owned the part on the western boundary from the creek to the upper boundary. Te Hapimana left no issue.

By Maclean

It was about two or three years after my return from Waikato that Rikihana built houses there.

By court

Te Kingi had mana over this land. Ngati Moewaka owned on the west side of the piece before this court. My father gave a piece of land on the eastern side of the land in question. I cultivated potatoes, kumara and other things on this land.

I made a present of a cask of tobacco, five pigs, potatoes and kumara to Rangiwhaea.

By Maclean

James Ransfield

I live at Otaki I belong to Ngati Kapu hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

I know the piece before the court.

I worked on it in 1859. Renata married my mother. He was working there for himself under Wiremu’s mana. I only saw Wiremu. I saw Ihaka living in Wiremu’s house (slat house) which was on the north side of the road. I did not see his wife. She may have died before I was born.

I went to work at Paruauku in 1858. After I worked at Wiremu’s, we merely went to Wiremu’s to assist Renata. Renata, Ihaka, Pitama, Tewiata and others went to Paruauku which is about 3 miles away. We worked there 3 years under Wiremu’s mana.

I did not see Ihaka on the land in question.

I and my brothers afterwards worked near the mill under Wiremu. Ihaka had then gone to Manawatu. Wiremu had houses on the piece before the court also Pitama, Pene and Hoera lived and died there.

I have not seen Tewiata working on this land. I do not consider he has any claim there. He lived on another piece of land and is still living there. I cannot say who the original owners of this land were.

Pene is the owner of the piece on the east side of this land (on the outside of the fence) next to Rikihana.

I did not see Enoka Te Wano, Nuna or Rautera working on this land neither did I see Hekiera there. I consider that Wiremu, Rikihana and Pene are the owners of this land.

All the Ngati Raukawa knows also the same. I only heard that Ani Kanara worked on Pitama’s piece. Wiremu, Pene and others are considered Ngati Raukawa.

Xed Hema Te Ao

We were living at Tutangatakino when Ngati Raukawa first occupied the town. We worked on the land in question 2 or 3 years.

Xed Tame Ranapire

Wiremu and Pene I consider owners having worked it. I also heard it was theirs. I do not know who gave it to them. The whole of that land was not fenced in then, since then and up to the present day Rikihana worked this land. Pene had a piece on east side outside the fence.

By Enoka

I did not see Matiu on this land. I saw Ratana at Makirikiri. He died there. I did not see Ratana working on this land.

Xed by Pape Ranapiri

I saw an old barn on the other side of the creek. It belonged to Hanita. I do not know who planted the cherry trees.

Mr Maclean applied for an adjournment till 11 am tomorrow. He having to attend at the J. P. court at 10 am on that day – Granted

Court adjourned until Wednesday the 12^th October 1881 at 10 am.

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Monday 17^th October 1881

Present – the same Place – the same

18 Whakapawaewae – continued

By Maaka

Karipa Te Kapakai

I live at Otaki. I belong to Ngati Huia hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

I know the piece before the court. It belongs to Aperahama Te Ruru, Parakaia Te Poepa and Te Maanga. Those were the old people who worked on it. The whole of the piece included in survey belongs to them.

Te Rauparaha’s piece is at the eel weir on the south boundary. I do not know whether the claim ----- to the land. Te Rauparaha’s eel weirs did not extend beyond this weir. In 1873, I saw your negotiations on it. The only claim Te Rauparaha had was the eel weir.

Manahi Te Humu has no claim to any of this land.

Xed by Wallace

I say that this land belongs to Maaka’s relatives because all along they have had eel weirs on it.

Te Rauparaha gave this land to them. They did not catch eels at Te Rauparaha’s weir.

Re-exed by Maaka

The stream flows threw the block.

Xed by court

Te Rauparaha killed his eels on his own land within the block now before the court. There were a great many slaves of Te Rauparaha who worked his weirs.

Hape Rangitewhare – sworn

I live at Otaki. I belong to Ngati Huia hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

This land belongs to Ngati Turanga. No one else has any claim there.

The eel weir owned by Te Rauparaha was at the south end of this piece and at the Rere of Manuka.

Manahi has no claim on this land.

Ngati Turanga cultivated near the northern boundary.

I never heard that Te Rauparaha’s mana extended over this piece. It was only at his eel weir.

Xed by Wallace

It was after Te Rauparaha that Ngati Turanga worked this land. Te Rauparaha invited them. They came and seized this piece. Te Rauparaha had the mana over all the land. Te Rauparaha’s eel weir is on the side of the road within the block.

Aperahama and others had cultivations near the northern boundary. This piece was not all swamp. The swamp has been drained by Europeans authorized by Ngati Turanga. I merely heard the drain is quite recently. This piece has not been heard by the court before this time.

By Maaka

A ditch running from the east towards the west in about the centre of the block and then ran north was made by you.

By Wallace

Te Rei Parewhanake – sworn

I live at Otaki. I belong to Ngati Waihurihia hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

I know the piece before the court. I do not know if Ngati Turanga has a claim to this piece.

Te Rauparaha and Matene were the only ones who had mana over this piece. Whakapawaewae was Te Rauparaha’s eel weir.

Te Rereamanuka was an eel weir of Matene Te Whiwhi.

By the court

The pa on the north side of the boundary belonged to Te Rauparaha and Rangihaeata. I never saw any cultivations on this piece. I did see some of the Ngati Turanga catching eels below Te Rauparaha’s and Matene’s eel weirs. They had no names for for their weirs.

Maaka and others have no claim to this piece.

By Maaka

The pa of Te Rauparaha and Rangihaeata was along the western boundary at edge of the swamp. The Totara eel weir is outside the eastern boundary. There is no running stream in this swamp. There is flax growing in this swamp.

Te Rei – sworn

I live at Otaki. I belong to Ngati Huia hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

I know this piece. I have a claim to it through Te Rauparaha. He was the owner of it. I only heard that he worked on it. He gave a part to Te Rarangi to cultivate kumara on outside the stream from boundary of this piece. I do not know if the gift extends to the swamp. Te Rarangi and Te Rauparaha were the owners of this piece.

Te Rarangi’s descendants did work on this piece and also Te Rauparaha’s descendants.

Xed by Maaka

I did not see your cultivation on the piece or your ditch. I only saw flax growing on it. The only eel weir I know of belonged to Rarakaia at the Totara.

James H. Wallace h.c

I live at Otaki. I belong to Ngati Kikopiri hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

I know the piece before the court. It is mine. I claim through my relatives. They had eel weirs on it also. I claim through Tamihana Te Rauparaha. He was the owner up to his death then he left it to me.

My mother also has a claim there. Tamihana worked the eel weir afterwards invited Okoro to look after it. Whakapawaewae is the name of the eel weir. It was called so through the eels swimming about the feet of my relatives so hence they were looking for them. The bridge is also called by the same name. Tamihana super intended the erections of the bridge. The Ngati Huia was with him. He did not invite the Ngati Turanga to come and assist making the bridge or the road. Tamihana claims through his parents Te Akau – Te Rauparaha’s wife. I claim also through her. She was the principal woman an who ordered other women – flax to be cut in this swamp for herself.

I am not aware that anyone else has a claim to this piece.

By Maaka

There were no cultivation on this piece - only eel weirs. Te Rauparaha’s slaves used to spear eels in the middle of this swamp. I have not seen the drain on it.

I have seen an eel weir (Totara). It is not inside this piece. Te Akau is my grandmother.

By court

My relations worked on this piece under Te Rauparaha’s mana.

Case closed.

75 Haruatai

Claim of Piwiki Hape and others.

No plan – Dismissed

36 Katihiku No. 9

Claim of Matene Te Whiwhi and other included in Ngakaroro No. 3 – Dismissed

28 Katihiku No. 9

Claim of Karepa Te Kapukai and other included in Ngakaroro No. 3 – Dismissed

65 Katihiku No. 9

Claim of Matene Te Whiwhi and others included in Ngakaroro No. 3 – Dismissed

13 Katihiku

Claim of Matene Te Whiwhi and other included in Ngakaroro No. 3 – Dismissed

23 Pahianui – (continued from 128)

Claim of J. H. Wallace

Pene Te Hurae

I live at Otaki. I belong to Ngati ---- of Ngati Raukawa.

I know the piece at Pahianui. It is the piece on which our wooden house stands. It belongs to Eraia. It was given to him by Te Hurae. Te Whatanui gave it to him and Te Tuaho.

Tuaho’s piece was given by Tamihana. Tuaho belongs to Ngati Turanga. They cultivated in common.

Piripi Te Rangiatahua has no claim on this. We all cultivated on this piece. We lived a great many years on it. We fenced it three times. Piripi was alive at that time but did not work thereon. He did come and distur us and Natanahira tore all his clothes.

This house has been standing for fifteen years. This land was leased after the house was built to Mr Bell.

Piripi died prior to the leasing, neither J. H. Wallace nor Ria did not appear until the survey. This land is included in my paddock which I have fence in five times.

Eraia was my mother’s brother. Rina Te Akau has a claim to this piece through relationship. Te Akau is still living on this piece. The house is our permanent residence.

I assert that Piripi has no claim at all to this piece. He never had a house there. He was living at Waikanae.

Xed by Wallace

I am Eraia’s nephew. I claim through him. He and myself cleared this land of bush. Piripi did not assist us either with axe or shovel. My house is on it.

Xed by Hema

Eraia Hakiaha, Kaharuhi the owners are all dead. Kipihana is the only one living. They never gave any of this land to anyone. Wallace did not disturb me.

Xed by court

Piripi was a relation of mine (Tuakana) also to Te Tuaho Hurae. A piece of Piripi’s was included in the part taken by Tamihana. Piripi’s descendents have no claim to this land.

By Hema

Te Akau – sworn

I live at Otaki. I belong to Ngati Tuara hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

I know the piece before the court. We claim through Te Whatanui. I know the people who lived on this piece.

Kipihana, Raharuhi Hakiahu, myself, Pene also. These are of Ngati Tuara. Others went up north. The land south side of this piece has passed through the court.

Piripi is a brother to me. He did not work on this piece. His permanent residence was at Waikawa. He married a woman of Ngati Tihuhi. He did not work or build any house on this land. It was given a long time ago to us by Te Whatanui to Te Tuaho and Huirai. They lived and cultivated on it down to the present time.

No person has disturbed me on the occupation of this piece. I have worked it every year. I have a house on it. It is a pataka close to the survey line near the town. Wallace did not come and say part of it belonged to Piripi.

By Wallace

My houses have been on this piece a great many years. I did not have this piece surveyed because I understood that it was included in a former piece. Piripi never cultivated or fell bush on this piece. It was my parents and brothers who cleared this land of bush.

Kepa Kerekere – sworn

I live at Otaki. I belong to Ngati Moewaka hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

I know the south side of a certain fence. Kipihana abuts my piece, Eraia’s piece abuts Wiremu’s and Kingi’s piece. I knew it from the time it was cleared of bush. There was no fence at that time. This was in the year 1831. Pene, Rawiri and others put up the fence on the northern boundary.

Eraia had interest in this piece. I have seen him working on it. He died at Otaki. Pene and Te Akau are the people who are living on this land at present. They had lived on it prior to the erection of the fences. They also lived at Te Wairarapa which was their permanent residence.

I did not see Piripi working on this piece. I knew him well. I saw him working on the piece taken by Tamihana.

Hema’s case closed

Tewiata – sworn

I live at Otaki. I belong to Ngati Te Horu hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

I went with Wallace to see his northern boundary of the piece before the court. They are correct.

Hohaia Te Pahau – sworn

I live at Poroutawhao. I belong to Ngati Huia hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

I know the piece before the court. Piripi is the owner of it. He fell the bush off it. I was present with him. We both cultivated it. No one disturbed us there. The first fence was a large one which included all Pahianui. Piripi belonged to the Ngati Tuara hapu. Piripi was never disturbed in his possession of it. He died while in possession.

I am quite certain that this piece belongs to him.

Xed by Hema Te Ao

I had the piece west of Piripi next to me Rangiwaitu, next to him Hakiaha next to him Raharuhi. We cleared these pieces. That is our claim at the present time. Te Akau owns the present fence standing.

I was living at Poroutawhao when Piripi died. It was in 1856 when I went there. I am a monitor of the English church. It was in 1840 that Christianity was first introduced into Poroutawhao. I was there then. Piripi worked his piece at the time. I worked mine. He had no house there. It was in the town. He used to go and cultivate there. Piripi had a house in the town which was close to his piece of land. I had no house on my piece.

Xed by court

Piripi and myself worked our piece for a number of years. I went to Poroutawhao in 1856. The Ngati Tuara had their plank house on Tamihana’s land. This house belonged to Hakiaha.

Manahi Paora – sworn

I live at Waikawa. I belong to Ngati Wehiwehi hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

I know the piece before the court. It belonged to Piripi. I do not know how he got it. When I married his daughter, I came and lived on it and cultivated there. When I found it was owned by Piripi, he told me to work there – the portion in the centre of it.

I am quite certain that this piece belonged to Piripi.

Xed by Hema Te Ao

It was in 1864 that I worked on this piece. It was then fenced in by Ngati Tuara.

I understand from Piripi that the northern and southern fences were erected by him.

I was two years on it. At the time we worked there, I saw Te Akau there. Piripi was then living at my house in the town of Otaki. I heard that Piripi had a house on one of the sections alongside of Tamihana. He did not work there. After he left it, I only heard that he cultivated there and fell the bush. I think that it was in 1866 that Te Akau erected her house. We only worked two years on this piece. Piripi objected to Te Akau’s house because it was partly on his land.

Ria Piripi – sworn

I live at Waikawa. I belong to Ngati Wehiwehi hapu of Ngati Raukawa.

I know the piece before the court. It belonged to my father. I knew that it belonged to him. I lived, cultivated and grew up on it.

Te Whatanui gave it to Piripi. He built a house on the south end of the piece near Tamihana Te Rauparaha’s piece. No one disturbed us on it. My fathers’ wife died in the house. Our principal residence was at my husband’s in the town. No one else has possession of this piece.

Xed by Hema Te Ao

I heard Hohaia’s statement. I heard him say that Piripi had no house there.

Hohaia was not present when Piripi built the house mentioned by me. Hinerona died on this piece and not at Tamihana’s. It was only their child who died there.

Piripi did go back to this piece when Paora and myself left it. He was then assaulted by two men and two women.

Xed by court

I was very young when the bush was cleared off the land.

Piripi and Hohaia worked alongside each other. I was present when Piripi built the slab house. It had a Nikau roof. We lived there till Piripi’s wife died.

The house was burnt by him becase it became tapu on account of his wife’s death. She was his last wife.

The small house mentioned by Pene was built after Te Akau’s house was built. It was after the quarrel that her house was built.

Case closed.

Court adjourned till 10 am tomorrow.

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Thursday 13th April 1876

Court opened at 10am

Present: The same (His honour judge Symonds, Assessor Pai rama Ngutahi, Clerk W Grey, Interpreters T.E Young and Y.J Grace).

Henare Te Herekau applied to have certain claims which were near Foxton to be adjourned, to that place for hearing viz.

Kaiwahia, Kutikuterau, Ngaioroa, Opiki, Tuwhakatupua No.2, Opiki, Kanape, Hautawa, Te Kairanga No.4, Te Ngaru, Puketotara, Tuwhakatupua No.2, Oti, Manawatu Kukutauaki No.2, 2B, 2G, 2D, 2E, 2G.

Te Wakawehi also succession claim Te Pahiatua, Te Uku sucession claim Kaihinu.

The court granted the application and the claims were ordered to be adjourned for hearing at Foxton on completion of claim __.

Huritini

Pineaha Mahuariki claims to succeed to Kiharoa Mahuariki. An application was sent in from Kihihana Te Neho and others Native Land Court 76/599 asking that the claim be adjourned because she was away at Tauranga. Pineaha requested an adjournment.

Adjourned to future day at request of Winia Kiharoa Native Land Court 76/599.

Huritini

Winia Kiharoa Present same as above, __ __ .

Adjourned

Whareroa Nainui

Karaka Mitikakau. Mr Young [roduced a brown grant which was issued under the brown grants act 1862, the grant having no jurisdiction, the claim was dismissed. Symonds

Sections 102, 104, and 106 Otaki

Ariki Hopihona applies to succeed Wi Hopihona. Rawiri Roto applies on behalf Ariki to have a adjourned and other cases in which she is interested viz -

(Waiorongomai, Waiorongomai, Waiorongomai) to allow Anihira to come from Wellington adjourned ___.

Tutangatakino No.1

Hakaraia Te Whenua applies to succeed to Poho Rangitekehua, adjourned for the present.

¼ Acre Otaki

Kipa Watanui claiming to succeed Hakaraia Te Motehura. No grant or certificate. Dismissed.

Himatangi

Hera Tuhangahanga claiming to succeed Parakaia Ponepe. No grant, dismissed.

4 Acres Otaki

Winia Kiharoa claiming to succeed to Wi Kiharoa. No appearance, adjourned to future sitting.

Section No.43 Otaki

Pineaha Te Mahauriki applied to have this claim adjourned see N L C (Native Land Court )76/599. Adjourned to future sitting.

Muauopoko

Karaitiana Te Tupe claims to succeed Manihera Te Rangihera. The land had passed through the court three years ago, but the grant had not been made in a certificate issued. Dismissed.

Court adjourned until 2pm

Pahianui No.2

Thomas Roach claims to succeed to interest of Manihera Rangihera.

Thomas Roach sworn in.

I Ngati Kiwhaka I live at Otaki.

I claim to succeed to Mairea she is dead and left no will, she was my mother. I am the eldest,there are six of us all together they are all grown up me in Wellington and others here James, John, Ellen, Mary and Elizabeth are their names. John the girls are not yet 21 years old. I think we all get to succeed her interest.

Succession order to be made in favour of Thomas Roach, James Roach, John Roach, Ellen Roach, Mary Roach and Elizabeth Roach half castes.

Objectors challenged

No opposition

Fees - £1:0:0

Thomas Roach and James Roach to be recommended as Trustees for them under the Maori Real Estate Management Act 1867

The court then adjourned until Saturday. Friday being Good Friday.

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Saturday 22^nd April 1876

Court opened at 10am. Present the same. Place the same.

Paremata

Tamihana Te Rauparaha and others.

The court having informed by Rawiri Te Wanui that these claims of Paremata had been in 1868 and no evidence of it being in possession of the court the claims were adjourned until a future sitting in order that the court in the meantime might obtain the evidence taken at that hearing. (Kapiti No.2 __ 1868 produced__ to notice of __ being advantage). Adjourned to future sitting.

Otaki Pa

(New claim) Hema Te Ao (20acres) Plan produced number 3364.

Hoani Taipua sworn. I belong to Ngati Raukawa and live at Otaki, I ask to have this land awarded to the whole tribe of Ngati Raukawa and all its hapu’s then we can arrange about the names to go in. This wasn’t a cultivation but the site of an old fighting pa therefore it belongs to the whole tribe. It may be also regarded as a burial place as many of the Ngati Raukawa are buried there. This land was let as a Ferry reserve under Rauparaha’s management the government paid him £20 per annum. The money was divivided among the tribe for about 12 or14 years after which Tamehana proposed investing this money in sheep for the benefit of the whole tribe he has never has produced the sheep nor does he pay the money to the tribe.

This is the reason the tribe had this piece of surveyed the government surveyed this piece as a tribal reserve. I went to Manawatu and told the Ngati Raukawa there that we wished to have it surveyed, they agreed I also went to Porotawhao I told the Ngati Huia the same thing they consented on my return I had a meeting of all the people here and around and they all agreed. I include Ngati Toa, Tamihana Rauparaha and others in this claim.

Objectors called.

Matini Te Whiwhi sworn. I belong to Ngati Raukawa and Ngati Toa and live at Otaki. The people who came here first before the Ngati Raukaw were the Ngati Hinetua, Ngati Wakaire and Ngati Tama they lived here and subdivided this land they were here about a year and a half. We fought with them and they went to Waikanae afterwards we had another fight and drove them away again subsequently some of the Ngati Raukawa came down with Ahukaramu and they returned with a message from Rauparaha for all the Ngati Raukawa to come here.

After they went away we built a Pa inland of this. The place nearer the beach was a sacred place because Pehi’s children had been eaten there. Ngati Raukawa went to Kapiti when they first came down they came ashore after 2 and half years with Ngati Toa. There was a meeting held and the Ngati Toa proposed that the Otaki river should be the boundary between them and the Ngati Raukawa. Afterwards the battle of Horowhenua took place about 1833.

Their allies from the North went away after this the Ngati Raukawa went to Taupo, Rauparaha was with them, Ngati Toa came from Kapiti when they heard of it in a canoe they went to Ohau caught Ngati Raukawa there and kept them in the district but they did not return to this Pa. Ngati Haua also went away to Waikanae they wanted to sell their rights they said they possessed up to the Otaki river. I heard of this when the surveyor came up. I went to Waikanae to object to this and the boundary was fixed between us at Kukutauraki. Much later on Tamihana, Matia, Hukiki, Pairaraku, Te Moroate and others wanted a public house put up on this land the majority of Raukawa objected. I was with the majority of the tribe an opponent to land selling I object to the Ngati Raukawa having anything to do with this land they have never had any cultivation there I have not lived there since Horowhenua. We were there long before I have never given it up Rakapa is living there.

Cross examine by Hoani Taipua. Rakapa’s house is not on this claim but her mana is over all this land down to the beach. It was the old ship who made the Otaki River the boundary between us and Ngati Raukawa it was before Horowhenua. You have succeeded in getting 27000 acres on the south side of Otaki in the same manner as you are attempting to do now. I have no claims on this side of Otaki my claims for Paremata was for nothing beyond my cultivation. I heard __ __ of this land was divided amongst the whole tribe. I got £10 Tamihana and have never had any more since Pawaroku and the others I mentioned were Ngati Raukawa. This was a Pa belonging to the whole tribe but the bones of my sisters are there. There are a lot of Raukawa buried there this place was occupied first by Ahukaramu at the request of Waitohu and subsequently others build houses there and it became a Pa.

The court adjourned until 2pm in order that a list of names may be submitted to the court for insertion in memorial. The claimants came into court and stated that they would have the names ready on Monday. Hoani Taipua appied to have the court adjourned as they wanted Saturday afternoon to get food together for Sunday. Mr Booth recommended the application which was granted. Court adjourned accordingly.

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Tuesday 18^th April 1876

Court opened at 10am Place the same Present the same.

Katihiku continued.

Hapi Te Rangitewhata sworn.

I belong to Ngati Huia I live at Katihiku__, I claim to have an interest in this land and I wish my portion to be cut off. It belonged to my grandfather it is on the Western side I claim to cut off about two claims from the boundary. The boundary between Aperahama and myself is about the centre of a swamp, we had settled this long before Hare came.

Cross examine by Hare Wirikake.

I did not say that I cultivated, it is a swamp I said that Aperahama and I had arrange this long ago. The land outside Tom Harvey’s fence is mine I protested against your survey at the time your survey it there were two Europeans with you at the time. The land outside the boundary does not belong to Matauruahu, my boundary extends to Penehuia’s fence, I did not see the whole of this line being surveyed, you did not ask me to watch and see the line properly carried through the swamp.

The surveyor said to me let me finish the survey and settle it in the court, it was one of the pegs that I stopped them survey. I did not take any action until you interfered with my boundary. Te Maanga was a relative of Aperahama Te Ruru’s __ and the plan not being certified to by the inspector of surveys.

Case adjourned for the present.

Te Rekereke No.3

Hare Wirikake claiming, claim read. Adjourned for the present.

Kaingaraki

Ururoa Pounui claiming, claim read. No plan adjourned for the present.

Rikiriki (commonly known as Te Rekereke) A10:R3:P22

Number of plan 2832. Tatana Whakaupoko claiming, claim read. Hutana appeared for claimant.

Hutana Ngarepo sworn.

I belong to Ngati Huia I live at Porotawhao, I claim this land on behalf of myself and others it belonged to my father, he cultivated there and I also cultivated there in my youth. I have been away from it sometime myself the land is leased I let it to Tom Ransfield.

Objectors challenged.

Hapi Te Rangitewhata and Rakapa __ Topeora appeared and stated that they wished to have their names inserted __ Rakapa Topeora admitted by the claimant. Tamihane Te Rauparaha asked to be allowed time to see if this conflicted with his land.

Hapi Te Rangitewhata sworn.

I belong to Ngati Huia I live at Katihiku Otaki, I claim and interest in this land because my fatherwas shot on it, he never lived there.

Adjourned for the purpose of the claimants to have time to look into the boundaries.

Town Section Otaki

Hohaia Te Pahau claiming, claim read. Adjourned for the present.

Muaupoko

Eruini Te Tupe claiming, claim read. Eruini Te Tupe stated that the land had already been passed through the court but that he had not received the certificate. Dismissed.

Arapaoti

Wiremu Tamehana Te Heke claiming, claim read.

Adjourned for production of plan.

Ngatoko No.2 A1:R1:P32

Number of plan 3370. Erana Penehuia claiming, claim read.

Mr Thompson surveyor stated that this land was almost entirely overlapped by lands __ already crown granted. Adjourned until survey should be adjusted.

Adjourned to a future sitting of the court.

Quarter Acre Otaki

Hone Himu and Karepa Piripi claiming. Adjourned to a future of the court. See NCL 76/599.

Katihiku No.2 A21:R2:P27

Number of plan 3375. Ramari Tame Hawea claiming, claim read. Adjourned for the present pending the arrival of the inspector of survey.

Tuahiwi No.5

Metera Te Karaka claiming no survey. Dismissed.

Katihiku No.4 A38:R1:P32

Number of plan 3358. Karepa Kapukai claiming, adjourned pending the arrival of the inspector of surveys.

Pahianui

Akara Ngahue and others claiming, claim read, adjourned to a future sitting of the court. See NCL 76/599

Te Waerenga

Kipihana Te Keho claiming.,adjourned to a future sitting of the court. See NCL 76/599

Pukeatua

Kararaina Whawha clainming, claim read. Already disposed of being portion of Ohau No.3 block. Dismissed.

Harakeke

Aterea Tauwehe claiming, claim read, already disposed of. Dismissed included in one of the Pukehou block.

Court adjourned until 10 o’clock tomorrow.

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Name	No.
LEVIN—continued.
Kellaway, A. P. (res), Queenwood Rd	298S
Kells J. A. (res), MacArthur St	49
Kelly, Walter (res), Roosevelt St	380
Kernohan, D., Koputaroa	118K
Kerslake, H. G. (res), Queen St	214
Keys, Hugh R. (res), Salisbury St	444
Kidd, E. H. (res), Victoria St.	197
Kidd, L. E. R. (res), Kuku, Ohau	339W
Kilsby, Arthur T. (res), Foxton Rd	78R
Kilsby, G. F. (res), Koputaroa 120m	120M
Kilsby, G. F. (res), Bath St West	263
Kilsby, H. J. (res), Foxton Rd.	78S
Kilsby, H. J., Potts Rd, lhakara	200S
Kilsby, J. A. (res), Ohau.	179D
Kilsby, W., \" Kowhai,\" Queen St W	77
Kilsby, Wm. Ernest (res), Cambridge St	470
Kingsway Ltd., Auctioneers & Furnshrs, Queen St	188
Kirkcaldie, N., Mrs. (res), Muhunoa E	290K
Knight Bros. (res), Kuku	340M
Knight, G. C. (res), Kawiu Rd	269R
Kuku Manakau Dairy Company—
	Office, Queen St	216
	Factory	6
Lagor, 0. C. (res), Queen St West	439
Lancaster, H. L, Fairfield.	127D
Lancaster, W. J. (res), Koputaroa.	257U
Lands & Survey Dept. (res), Kilsby's Farm, Koputaroa	73R
Lang, Fred (res), Roslyn Rd	402M
Langtry, A. V., Mrs., \" Raroa,\" Arapaepae Rd	389
Larsen, Arne (res), Bartholomew Rd	304
Law, R. I.. \" Te Rohenga,\" Shnnon Rd	227J
Law, R. McM, McDonald Rd	227K
Leach, W. W. (res), Weraroa Rd	466
Leather & Sports Depot, Oxford St	189
Leddra, F. E., Arapaepae Rd	229K
Lee, G. E. (res), Duke St	146
Leger, R., Mrs. (res), Stuckey St	410
Lagers Day-old Chick Hatchery, Weraroa	162M
Lemmon, F. C. Bath St.	299
Lennie, W. R., Painter & Paperhanger, Cambridge St.	47
Leong, F. K., Fruiterer & Grngor, Oxfd St	175
Leong, Sadie, Mrs. (res), Montgomery St	462
Lester, G. R., Cordial Mnfcturer, Kent St	117
Lett, W., Mrs. (res), Salisbury St	35
Levin Borough Council (see Council, Borough)	25
Levin Bowling Club, Weraroa Rd	391
Levin \"Chronicle \"(Kerslake & Bilious, Proprietors)	10
Levin Club, Oxford St	270
Levin Co-operative Dairy, Butter-mnfrs, Queen St	29
Levin Dyeing & Dry Cleaning Office, Oxford St	221S
Levin Golf Club (Inc.).	325M
Levin Hotel (E. F. Ward, Prop), Oxfd St	12
Levin Milk Supply, The (A. S. Horn, Propr), The Avenue	353
Levin Poultry Keepers Association (J. W. Ward, Secy)	102R
Levin Public School (Headmaster), Oxford St	131S
Levin Public School (Headmaster's res), H. F. McClune	131M
Levin Racing Club (F. A. Nicholson, Sec)	303
Levin Service Depot, Ltd. (Black Bros, Proprietors), Oxford St	363
Levin Steam Laundry, Stanley St	221M
Levy, A., Ltd., Clothing Mnfrs, Oxfrd St	404
Lewis, I. M., Mrs. (res), Liverpool St	394K
Lewis, V. C. (res), Foxton Rd	58A
Lingard, P. A. (res), Foxton Rd	140X
Liverpool & London & Globe Insurance Co., Ltd. (J. S. Moir, Agent)	95
Long, W. S. (res), MacArthur St	418
Lumsden, A. L. (res), Waitarere Rd	416X
Lumsden, S. L (res), Heatherlea	58M
Lycette, E. (res), York St West	305M
Lynch, H. H. (res), Victoria St	14
Lynch, K. Z., Mrs., Cambridge St 39433	394D
Lynch, M. W., Miss, Winchester St	386D
MacDonald, J. C., Weraroa. . . .. . . 281s	281S
Macdonald, J. N. D. ((res),) Kent St	454
McDonald, Lindsay G., \" Heatherlea \"	58M
MacDonald, Ranald A., Winchester St	412
MacDonald, R. D., Queenwood Rd	368M
McDonell, R. K. (res), Main Rd	371
Macduffs Ltd., Oxford St	414
Macfarlane, A. S. (res), Duke St	59
MacFarlane Bros., Muhunoa West	365W
Macfarlane Transport Co., Ltd., Oxfd St
	After hours (C. McLeavy, Mgr)	164
McGill, T. G (res), Koputaroa	242W
McGill, T.G. (res), Kawiu Rd 274 1	118D
McGregor, P. (res) Kawiu Rd	274
MacKay, Hector D. (res), Tiro Tiro Rd 397a	397S
Mackay, H G (res), Reeve St 289	289
MeKelvie, W. A. (res), Tararua Rd 81tr	81U
Mackenzie, D. S., Dentist, Oxford St.. • 23m	23M
Mackenzie, D. S. (res), Oxford St 23s	23S
Mackie, J. D., Waitarere 134m	134M
Maclean & Chapman, Ltd., Booksellers & Stationers, Oxford St	302
Maclean, A. H. (res), Cambridge St	258M
Maclean, M. & R., McDonald Rd	229R
McLean, N., Mrs. (res), Kimberley Rd	306J
Maclean, R W. (res), Fairfield Rd	300M
McLeavey, Harold J., Muhwioa E	290R
MeLeavey, M. J. (MacFarlane Transport)	164
McLeavey, W. A. (res), Kuku, Ohau	340A
McLennan, D. W. (res), Kaikai, Fxn Rd	78M
McMillan, Hone (res), Koputaroa	73S
McMinn, C. L., Keepa St	430M
McMinn, S. S. (res), Bath St West	431S
Maddison, A., Gladstone Rd	80J
Magistrate's Court, Bristol St	88
Magnet Bakery, Weraroa (A. Wartnaby, Propr)	256
Mall-room (Transmitting)	93
Malcolm F. O. (res), Arapaepae Rd	153S
Mann, G. F T. (res), Liverpool St 370	370
Mansford, T. C. (res), Waitarere Beach	416W
Mark, E. E (res), Stuckey St	166
Mark, 0. A. (res), Roslyn Rd, Fairfield	192
Marsh, H. H. (res), Queen St East	387S
Marshall, Geo. (res), Tararua Rd	261W
Marshall, J. A. (res), Rsbk, Frfild Rd	300W
Marshall, M. C., Mrs. (res), Liverpool St	394S
Marshall, M. E., Mrs. (res), Durham St	96
Marshall, R. G. (res), Gladstone Rd	81X
Mart (Auction), E. Tomlinson, Auctionr	292
Mason, W. H. (res), Stuckey St	246
Matulich Visko, Majestic Café	94W
Meads, Alfred James, Gladstone Rd	81K
Mellor, C. W. (res), or Arapaepae & McDonald Rds	229X
Melville, L. D. (res), Keepa St	435
Mental Hospitals Dept., Kimberley Rd	473

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This photograph was taken by local photographer Jacob Brookie in March 2023 from the dune track leading from the beach carpark down to the sea. It is of the  Waitārere Beach Surf Life Saving Community Facility under construction and the completed building will be the home to the local surf lifesaving clubrooms which can accommodate up to 200 people and host more training sessions. At the time of writing, it will be ready for the 2023/2024 summer season.

Jacob used a 1960 Agfa Flexilette camera to take this photograph. The Flexilette was an unusual camera as it was a twin lensed design built to take 35mm film- not many of these designs have been made! It wasn't all that popular in its day but still takes nice photographs.

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Pyramid Concrete Products was  granted a wholesaler's licence in 1940 and was advertising for staff in 1942, with both documents showing them as trading in Hamilton.  MAVtech cannot find any information about the 'Levin Brick & Pipe Co. Ltd' who were acting as their local agents in Levin.

It is difficult to precisely date this slide, but it may have been made during the post-war 'building boom' of the late 1940s/early 1950s'. According to BRANZ, many New Zealand houses in the 1950s/early 1960s were built using brick so this Levin company may have been very busy indeed- even if this slide is advertising concrete masonry! Still, nothing like being the most unique house on the street - especially as government loans for families building a home mandated 'state house' style designs....

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The Super Quad Fishing Competition is run by the Manawatu Marine Boating Club, with four fishing days held each year. For 2023, a jetski was the prize, and there were more than 80 skippers and 200 contestants angling to win it. 

Local photographer Jacob Brookie took this photograph of the weigh - in at the final day of the contest- the 7th of April 2023. It was taken in the Manawatu Marine Boating Club's equipment room by the Foxton Beach Boat ramp at around 2pm in the afternoon. Pictured are contestants weighing a kahawai, with a volunteer pictured in the background taking note of the contestant, their boat, the species and the weight.

Jacob used a 1966 Marshal Press camera for this photograph on Ilford black and white film. The metal camera weighed almost as much as some of the fish did! 

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According to a 1981 Jubilee Issue of the 'Horowhenua Chronicle', Lambles Ltd. had a shop on Oxford Street between 1960 and 1968, which looks to be the era of this slide. The house in the picture would have been very trendy in the 1960s with a large fireplace surrounded by interior brick.

Levin's Regent Theatre was also on Oxford Street, so it was just a short walk from the screening down to Lambles for the latest in carpet and furnishings! 

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Is it ironic that an ad for make-up is marred by blemishes? This slide may just have been left by the projector's heat for too long! However, there's enough writing left untouched to know that it was made for the Oxford Pharmacy. An old newspaper ad displays the pharmacy on Oxford Street in 1981 as one of six pharmacies in Levin.

This slide looks to be a bit older than this though. An 'Oxford Pharmacy' was in the New Zealand Register of Pharmacies in 1960, albeit on a different end of Oxford Street.

The 'Chronicle' referred to in the slide was the local newspaper, known at various points as the 'Levin Chronicle', 'Daily Chronicle' and 'Horowhenua Daily Chronicle". At the time the slide was made the paper was published six days a week and was a paid newspaper. In 2008 it was renamed the 'Horowhenua Chronicle' and became a free community newspaper which is still being published at the time of writing (September 2023). 

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 Print advertisements for Langtry's Pharmacy date back to the 1950s and they were in the government Register of Pharmacies in 1960. Online records suggest that Langtry's shop was demolished in 1975 (however, they moved at least once based off Kete documents) MAVtech has another Langtry's slide from a similar era as this one which advertises Kodak photographic film (also searchable on Kete) as well as one advertising perfume. 

The 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand stated that a pharmacist had two years of academic training followed by a two year apprenticeship- but the University of Otago was about to launch a bachelors degree which would cut the apprenticeship down to one year. This combination of a degree and a one year internship is still used today- although the University of Auckland also offers a relevant degree.

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 Kete records show that this company was owned by Lance Osborne and was trading in the mid 1960s. The company no longer trades, with many competitors setting up in the last forty years. The fact that a local company in a small town could move household furniture New Zealand wide would have been quite an achievement! Another slide from this firm boasts about the CB radios each truck carried, which would have helped drivers stay in touch during long distance moves.

The truck's bumper advertises daily runs from Levin, Shannon, Foxton and Palmerston North.

The second slide (also on Kete) shows a truck carrying industrial loads, so they didn't just do furniture removal work.

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This photograph was taken during a very cold morning in June 2022 by local photographer Jacob Brookie. It was taken in the Easton Park sportsgrounds at the back of the Foxton Pools, looking towards state highway one. 

Jacob used a 1990s Seagull 4A camera to take this photograph. The Seagull was a copy of the Rolleiflex camera and was basically unchanged since the 1960s and was made well into the 21st century. During the Cultural Revolution, having one of these cameras in China meant that you were a trusted state photographer (very few owned cameras in China at the time). However, Jacob bought his used online for $90.....

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This is one of multiple cinema advertising slides on Kete Horowhenua from Barnao's Music Shop.

Barnao's Music Shop was trading in Levin from 1962-1988. It was the passion of Giuseppe Antonio Barnao whose love of music began when we was gifted a clarinet in 1942. He worked in a music shop the following year and his talents saw him join dance bands and serve as an Army Bandsman. He was a member of Levin bands for decades. A web search will reveal lots of archived interviews and articles about Mr. Barnao. Barnao's shop printed advertising sleeves for the records they sold. The reference to 'the swinginest music store in town' would date this slide to the 1960s/very early 1970s! This slide would have been used to advertise the shop during a film at the cinema. 

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Local photographer Jacob Brookie took this picture in September of 2022- local election season! This scene is of the Seaview Gardens, at the base of the Foxton water tower on Main Street. The signs seen here belonged to candidates for Mayor, Council and the Te Awahou Foxton Community Board. Some of these faces were successful in their bid for office, others less so.

Jacob used a 1956 Lipca Rollop Automatic camera to take this picture.

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Foxton's Busy Bee Dairy was a fixture of the town on State Highway One. In late 2022 it moved from the highway to a building in Foxton's Main Street. 

The old dairy was full of advertising and has been photographed many times by travellers passing through. Local photographer Jacob Brookie heard about the dairy's relocation and wanted to take a photograph of the Coca-Cola bottle painted on the side of the building before it was demolished. The photograph was taken in August 2022.

It is a strange combination of advertising for a massive global company which was probably made by a local painter!

Jacob used a 1957 Lipca Rollop Automatic camera to take this photograph. This camera takes twelve photographs per roll of 120 format film, with the photographer composing the photograph by looking down into a hood on the top of the camera. 

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We'll be the first to say that this slide has not aged well. Rolf Harris toured New Zealand in 1970 and this slide may date from this time. It probably screened in Palmerston North but may also have be shown in Levin's cinema as well, given that this was a national tour. We know from the label that it was screened in Kerridge Odeon cinemas- then the biggest chain in New Zealand. Cinema advertising was often used to advertise the arrival of touring acts from overseas.

Rolf Harris was convicted of twelve counts of indecent assault on the 30th of June, 2014. Victims of Harris's offending (outside of the counts he was convicted on) came forward from his 1970 New Zealand tour. 

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During the First World War the New Zealand Government was fighting an internal battle with 'shirkers'- the men who (for whatever reason) were not enlisting in the forces even though they were eligible to. Shirkers were portrayed in newspapers and posters as weak men who looked unkempt and shifty, as opposed to the strong, masculine soldier. Some papers fretted that the shirkers would father children while the soldiers were away, weakening the New Zealand national character.

Of course, given the punishments and social stigma, it took as much courage to be a conscientious objector as it did to sign up for the army. In Bulls, a local blacksmith refused to serve young men who were not in the army without a good reason and many such men were accosted in the street and on public transport.

They were also accosted in the cinema via government promotional slides like this one. The expensive 'dress circle' seats were taxed to help pay for the war- but the cheaper 'stalls' below were exempt as they provided an important boost to morale. By 1917  it was stated in Parliament that “not less than 550,000 people go to picture entertainments every week." What better place to show a recruiting slide?

This slide urges uncommitted men to join the forces by emphasising the loss of pride of having others fight for them, and highlights the personal contribution they needed to make to the war effort. 

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In today's world of instant world wide communications it is easy to forget just how isolated people on the 'home front' felt during the First World War. Most combat was taking place on the opposite side of the world from New Zealand, and photographs from Gallipoli took six months to arrive and be printed. Even the newsreels showing 'the front' and army camps were screened months after the events happened. So, a glimpse of the men in command of the allied armies provided some sense of control and connection.

General Foch was an innovative commander and one who was big enough to admit mistakes and learn from them. On the 26th of March 1918 this French General was appointed the head of all Allied forces- a big change from the previous squabbling between the British and French commands. Foch's authority did not extend to overruling national commands, but he could at least coordinate strategy and direction of battle and by being the 'head' of all armies he could shelter his subordinate commanders from political interference. 

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In today's world of instant world wide communications it is easy to forget just how isolated people on the 'home front' felt during the First World War. Most combat was taking place on the opposite side of the world from New Zealand, and photographs from Gallipoli took six months to arrive and be printed. Even the newsreels showing 'the front' and army camps were screened months after the events happened. So, a glimpse of the men in command of the allied armies provided some sense of control and connection. 

General Pershing was the commander of the American Forces, who entered the war on the Allied side in 1917. Pershing adamantly refused to integrate his troops into the other Allied armies, preferring to fight for the most part as a separate force. His men were ill-trained for the realities of trench warfare and suffered terrible casualties but by sheer numbers made an impact on the front line.

Judging by the consistent hand colouring this slide was part of a set made in 1918. MAVtech has others from this series on Kete.

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In today's world of instant world wide communications it is easy to forget just how isolated people on the 'home front' felt during the First World War. Most combat was taking place on the opposite side of the world from New Zealand, and photographs from Gallipoli took six months to arrive and be printed. Even the newsreels showing 'the front' and army camps were screened months after the events happened. So, a glimpse of the men in command of the allied armies provided some sense of control and connection. 

General Joffre was a senior commander of the French Army who won early victories during the war. However, a string of losses eroded his position and by the time this slide was made he was likely no longer in direct command and instead had an advisory role. 

Judging by the consistent hand colouring this slide was part of a set made in 1918. MAVtech has others from this series on Kete. These slides were certainly shown in cinemas, but may also have been shown via magic lanterns to smaller audiences as well.

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